The Similar Triangles Poem

Start with a palm tree

Here is a man standing next to a palm tree on Mission Beach. If I handed you a tape measure and asked how tall the tree is, could you tell me? You cannot climb it and you cannot reach the top. But you can measure three things on the ground: the man’s height, the man’s shadow, and the tree’s shadow.

Because the sun stands at the same angle over both, the two triangles are similar: same shape, different size. And the sides of similar triangles hold a fixed proportion. So:

Measure the three you can reach, solve for the fourth, and you have the height of a tree you never touched. That is the whole engine of the form. Nothing in it requires the four terms to be lengths.

The structure

I call a poem in this shape a similar triangles poem, and occasionally a proportional poem. But I prefer the first name, because the triangles are not decoration — the geometry itself is doing work, and I will come back to why.

Put four concepts into those four places and the proportion starts making claims about them. Try it with something harmless:

Nobody has to be taught how to read that. The relation between a fruit and the spread made from it is the same relation as between a nut and the spread made from it — and the sentence carries that without ever stating it. The proportion did the stating.

Four poems, one meaning

An equation can be solved for any of its terms, so this one yields four arrangements. They are logically identical and syntactically different — the same poem played in four different keys.

1. a = bc / d
2. b = ad / c
3. c = ad / b
4. d = bc / a

Two of the four will be reciprocals of the other two, which amounts to swapping the source and target domains and seeing what happens. In practice, if the poem is strong two arrangements will resonate hard and the other two will offer nuances — but a genuinely strong expression will make sense in all four. That is a useful test while you are writing one. If three of the keys are nonsense, the poem is not finished.

The see-saw

The terms are not fixed quantities. Each holds a value that a reader assigns — read it as importance, or magnitude, or intensity — and those values run from zero to infinity with everything in between.

Which means the proportion behaves like a balance. Change the value of one term and another must move to keep the relation true. Drive one toward infinity and its partner goes toward zero. This is where a proportional poem stops being a statement and becomes an instrument: the reader plays it by pushing on the terms.

Why it is a metaphor and not just an analogy

In cognitive linguistics a conceptual domain is any coherent construction of thought — an idea, a concept, a mental construction. A metaphor is a one-directional mapping from one domain onto another, and the naming convention is TARGET IS SOURCE. We understand the target in terms of what we already know about the source. Lakoff’s standing example is LOVE IS A JOURNEY, which is why “we’ve hit a dead-end street” and “their marriage is on the rocks” are both available to us without explanation.

The source domain holds the concrete; the target domain holds the abstract. And crucially, Lakoff insists the generalizations governing poetic metaphor are not in language but in thought. They are mappings across conceptual domains. Language is downstream.

So here is what the form provides. The similar triangles supply an image-schema — a general structure of relation — and the four terms supply the conceptual domains. You map across the horizontal bar and across the equal sign, and because the schema is rigid, the mapping cannot be argued with. The geometry guarantees the consistency; the words provide the content.

The three mechanisms

Lakoff and Turner identify three mechanisms by which an expression works as novel metaphor. My claim is that a successful similar triangles poem uses all three at once, inside a single construction.

• Extension of conventional metaphor — a novel use of a metaphor already living in everyday speech, which lets you understand something common in an uncommon way.
• Image-mapping — superimposing one rich image on another by virtue of some shared structure.
• Generic-level metaphor — particularly GENERIC IS SPECIFIC, where a single specific statement maps onto an indefinitely large number of parallel situations. Proverbs work this way.

An equation is unusually well suited to that last one. A single structure — a = b × c — already generates F = ma, d = vt, V = IR: many specific-level expressions sharing one generic-level form. And within any equation, each variable can take infinite values. The equation sits at the generic level; any particular reading of it is a specific-level schema.

A poem read all the way through

Pandemic Meditation came out of an anxiety-ridden meditation in 2020. I had been watching bodies stored in refrigerated trucks on the streets of New York, and the news cycle would not stop reminding me of my age and of who else was at risk. Meditation keeps me in the present moment, which is where the discontentment inherent in the human condition can be set down — and during that period it was not working. In one session thirteen anxieties went spinning around my mind. Empty, and yet I was attached enough to count them.

The background imagery comes from a photograph I took at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, of a Joseon dynasty Korean painting of Myeongbujeon, the Judgement Hall where the ten kings of Hell sit to judge the dead. It is worth noting that Rodin’s Thinker sits at the gates of hell. The Zen master Hyon Gak Sunim calls meditation a technology for delivering you to your true self — and the enlightened state happens before thought, which makes thinking itself the barrier.

The equation

Which is a = bc / d. Restore it to proportion and it reads:

Rearrange it and it reads just as well the other way:

Working the see-saw

Now push on the terms and watch what the equation is willing to say:

• When Non-Attached Mind becomes near-infinite, A Dark Cloud Of 13 Vultures becomes near zero.
• When A Dark Cloud Of 13 Vultures becomes near-infinite, Non-Attached Mind becomes near zero.
• When A Jury Of 13 Acute Anxieties becomes near-infinite, My Corporeal Body becomes near zero.
• When My Corporeal Body becomes near-infinite, A Jury Of 13 Acute Anxieties becomes near zero.

Non-Attached Mind can be a mind of enlightenment or a mind in hell, and everything between. The proportional schema is what forces the trade: change the importance of one domain and another has to give.

The three mechanisms, in this poem

Extended conventional metaphor. Mapping the source domains — the dark cloud of vultures, and my corporeal body — onto the targets of the jury of anxieties and the non-attached mind is an extension of the conventional metaphor MIND IS BODY. Solve the equation in its various ways and you read that one metaphor in expression after expression.

Image-mapping. The similar triangles map one to another, which keeps the image-schema consistent across every arrangement. And the thirteen circles running between the letters of the anagram map to the thirteen anxieties and again to the thirteen vultures — the same circling schema, three times over. The vultures map to the skeletons, which map to the raven, and all three connect to death. The Buddhist idea of monkey mind — the disquieted mind — maps onto the circles as a path for the monkey to follow.

Generic-level metaphor. Vultures are conventional symbols of death, giving us DEATH IS A DEVOURER; and mapped through this poem, DEATH IS ANXIETY. Not thirteen omens of death but countless ones — one for every anxiety met during a pandemic.

Where the beauty is

For me it sits in an alternating cognizance between two experiences: the pleasure of analysing the cross-domain mappings inside the similar triangles image-schema, and the conflation of lexical with sensorial visual imagery. Neither on its own. The moving back and forth.

The point of setting all this out is not to explain any particular poem — explanations of poetry serve only to kill them. It is to hand you the tools, so you can go and build one.